Skatterna och makten

Are there any limits to the tax-imposing powers of governments? One answer is to look for constitutional rules that are implied by democracy itself. For instance, the case for budgetary regulation could be extended to ban taxes that threaten economic growth and hence long-term public spending. A more fundamental question is whether might is right, i.e. if there is a "political obligation". Three fallacies are discussed; that people have a right to tax themselves, that majorities are always right and that individuals can't claim rights against the government. The conclusion is that the only philosophically sound ground for taxation seems to be consent by the individual. This is a line of reasoning that is more or less absent in the Swedish legal and political tradition, with the exception of the economist Knut Wicksell.legitimitet; beskattningsrätt; demokrati; rättigheter; samtycke; staten

A spinning top model of formal structure and informal behaviour: dynamics of advice networks in a commercial court

The longitudinal study of advice networks among 240 judges at the Commercial Court of Paris permits the examination of learning as an interactive process. We argue that a spinning top model is a useful heuristic for intra-organizational learning in dynamic advice networks. This model proposes that a stabilized elite preserves accumulated knowledge in a community that overall experiences high turnover and systematic job rotation, and hence runs the danger of inadequately sharing knowledge among its members. We test the model by analyzing the structure and dynamics of advice networks among judges at the Commercial Court of Paris. This dynamic structure reflects the informal homophilous preferences among judges organized in a strong formal system, a high relational turnover in the selection of advisors, and the emergence of an elite of senior advisors that stabilizes the learning process - much like the behavior of a spinning top. This case study also identifies an endogenous process of increasing and then decreasing centralization of this network over time, raising questions about the maintenance of the stability of the pecking order and about the relationship between learning and seniority. Results illustrate the importance of dynamic over static network analysis and call for a renewed attention to formal structure in organizations

Giant magnetic enhancement in Fe/Pd films and its influence on the magnetic interlayer coupling

The magnetic properties of thin Pd fcc(001) films with embedded monolayers of Fe are investigated by means of first principles density functional theory. The induced spin polarization in Pd is calculated and analyzed in terms of quantum interference within the Fe/Pd/Fe bilayer system. An investigation of the magnetic enhancement effects on the spin polarization is carried out and its consequences for the magnetic interlayer coupling are discussed. In contrast to {\it e.g.} the Co/Cu fcc(001) system we find a large effect on the magnetic interlayer coupling due to magnetic enhancement in the spacer material. In the case of a single embedded Fe monolayer we find aninduced Pd magnetization decaying with distance $n$ from the magnetic layer as ~$n^{-\alpha}$ with $\alpha \approx 2.4$. For the bilayer system we find a giant magnetic enhancement (GME) that oscillates strongly due to interference effects. This results in a strongly modified magnetic interlayer coupling, both in phase and magnitude, which may not be described in the pure Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yoshida (RKKY) picture. No anti-ferromagnetic coupling was found and by comparison with magnetically constrained calculations we show that the overall ferromagnetic coupling can be understood from the strong polarization of the Pd spacer

Genetic rule extraction optimizing brier score

Most highly accurate predictive modeling techniques produceopaque models. When comprehensible models are required,rule extraction is sometimes used to generate a transparentmodel, based on the opaque. Naturally, the extractedmodel should be as similar as possible to the opaque. Thiscriterion, called fidelity, is therefore a key part of the optimizationfunction in most rule extracting algorithms. Tothe best of our knowledge, all existing rule extraction algorithmstargeting fidelity use 0/1 fidelity, i.e., maximize thenumber of identical classifications. In this paper, we suggestand evaluate a rule extraction algorithm utilizing a moreinformed fidelity criterion. More specifically, the novel algorithm,which is based on genetic programming, minimizesthe difference in probability estimates between the extractedand the opaque models, by using the generalized Brier scoreas fitness function. Experimental results from 26 UCI datasets show that the suggested algorithm obtained considerablyhigher accuracy and significantly better AUC than boththe exact same rule extraction algorithm maximizing 0/1 fidelity,and the standard tree inducer J48. Somewhat surprisingly,rule extraction using the more informed fidelity metricnormally resulted in less complex models, making sure thatthe improved predictive performance was not achieved onthe expense of comprehensibility

Инструменты мотивации персонала в практике управления белорусской организацией

Vilka möjligheter till verksamhetsutveckling ser kommunerna i de fyra berörda länen (Blekinge, Kalmar, Kronoberg och Skåne)? Vilka vinster kan kommunerna göra om länen slås samman och kommunerna får ett inflytande över den nya regionorganisationen? Vilka samverkansmöjlig-heter finns mellan kommunerna och mellan kommun och region? Vilken organisationsform krävs för att samverkan ska utvecklas på ett positivt sätt? Vi vill med andra ord analysera hur kommunerna förhåller sig till en uppväxlad regional nivå, i synnerhet inom tillväxtpolitikens område. Vi är intresserade både av frågor som rör organiseringen av regionnivån, och kommunernas roll i denna, och av hur kommunerna tror att en storregionreform kommer att påverka kommunernas handlingsutrymme och samverkan med varandra. När Region Skåne bildades var det en viktig utgångspunkt att kommunerna fick ett inflytande i den nya organisation (landstinget) som övertog det regionala utvecklingsansvaret. I många län sker nu ett samgående mellan landsting och regionförbund med utvecklingsansvar, vilket väcker frågan om vilken roll kommunerna bör få i förhållande till den nya regionorganisationen, ibland kallad regionkommun. Frågan gäller den nya Region Kronoberg men kan ställas om alla fyra berörda län vid en eventuell sammanslagning

Situational adapting system supporting team situation awareness

ABSTRACT Military fighter pilots have to make suitable decisions fast in an environment where continuously increasing flows of information from sensors, team members and databases are provided. Not only do the huge amounts of data aggravate the pilots' decision making process: time-pressure, presence of uncertain data and high workload are factors that can worsen the performance of pilot decision making. In this paper, initial ideas of how to support the pilots accomplishing their tasks are presented. Results from interviews with two fighter pilots are described as well as a discussion about how these results can guide the design of a military fighter pilot decision support system, with focus on team cooperation

Посмертные изменения крови как показатель давности наступления смерти

ПОСМЕРТНЫЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯТРУПКРОВИ ОБРАЗЦОВ ВЗЯТИЕЛАБОРАТОРНЫЕ МЕТОДЫ И ПРОЦЕДУРЫСУДЕБНАЯ МЕДИЦИН

Медицинская или клиническая психология: концептуальные проблемы профессии и подготовки кадров

ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ МЕДИЦИНСКОЕМЕДИЦИНСКИЕ УЧЕБНЫЕ ЗАВЕДЕНИЯВУЗЫПОДГОТОВКА СПЕЦИАЛИСТОВПСИХОЛОГИКЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ ПСИХОЛОГИЯПОДГОТОВКА КАДРО

Temperature Shifts for Extraction and Purification of Zygomycetes Chitosan with Dilute Sulfuric Acid

The temperature-dependent hydrolysis and solubility of chitosan in sulfuric acid solutions offer the possibility for chitosan extraction from zygomycetes mycelia and separation from other cellular ingredients with high purity and high recovery. In this study, Rhizomucor pusillus biomass was initially extracted with 0.5 M NaOH at 120 °C for 20 min, leaving an alkali insoluble material (AIM) rich in chitosan. Then, the AIM was subjected to two steps treatment with 72 mM sulfuric acid at (i) room temperature for 10 min followed by (ii) 120 °C for 45 min. During the first step, phosphate of the AIM was released into the acid solution and separated from the chitosan-rich residue by centrifugation. In the second step, the residual AIM was re-suspended in fresh 72 mM sulfuric acid, heated at 120 °C and hot filtered, whereby chitosan was extracted and separated from the hot alkali and acid insoluble material (HAAIM). The chitosan was recovered from the acid solution by precipitation at lowered temperature and raised pH to 8–10. The treatment resulted in 0.34 g chitosan and 0.16 g HAAIM from each gram AIM. At the start, the AIM contained at least 17% phosphate, whereas after the purification, the corresponding phosphate content of the obtained chitosan was just 1%. The purity of this chitosan was higher than 83%. The AIM subjected directly to the treatment with hot sulfuric acid (at 120 °C for 45 min) resulted in a chitosan with a phosphate impurity of 18.5%